![]() Although the aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is still a topic of debate, several studies have proven this phenomenon. Aerosol transmission is assumed to occur in specific environments, especially indoors, among crowds, and between people in an insufficiently ventilated space ( World Health Organization, 2020). Fighting the COVID-19 outbreak remains the greatest issue facing the world today ( Alamoodi et al., 2021 Indolfi & Spaccarotella, 2020 Rasappan et al., 2020).Īccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), current evidence shows that the main mode of transmission of COVID-19 is through respiratory droplets between people in close contact with each other. The first is the containment strategy, such as that adopted by China and South Korea, and the second is the mitigation strategy, such as that adopted by the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom ( Liu, 2020). Although the specific measures adopted by different countries are diverse ( Wang et al., 2021), current prevention and control strategies can be classified into two major categories according to their prevention and control logic and basic characteristics ( Dees, 2020 Tang et al., 2020). in the Americas, Italy, Spain, and Serbia in Europe, South Africa and Zimbabwe in Africa, and Kazakhstan and the Philippines in Asia ( Adhikari et al., 2020 Wang et al., 2020). Many countries have entered a state of emergency and begun to upgrade and strengthen their prevention and control measures, including the United States, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, etc. As such, the world is paying increasing attention to the prevention and control of COVID-19 outbreaks ( Dong et al., 2020 Dowd et al., 2020 Komarova et al., 2020 Wu & McGoogan, 2020). Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread around the world, with over 255.1 million confirmed cases worldwide and more than 5.12 million deaths, involving more than 200 countries and regions (as of November 17, 2021) ( Johns Hopkins University, 2021). Therefore, very high-resolution remote sensing data are fundamental for extracting building height and generating precise spatial forms, which can improve the micro-scale URD ventilation planning for the prevention of COVID-19. ![]() Large variations in ventilation capacity are also observed within URDs, with up to 13.42 times difference between the buildings. ![]() Our analyses indicate that the integrated ventilation capacities for well-designed URDs are nearly twice those of poorly designed URDs. Four fundamental spatial forms of URD are identified in the research area: the point-group form, parallel form, enclosed form, and hybrid form. Here, we develop and test systematic methods to map URDs in a typical city in northern China and quantify their ventilation capacity using very high-resolution remote sensing images. Thus, ventilation capacity is an important factor influencing airborne transmission in URDs, which should be evaluated as part of efforts to fight COVID-19 and guide healthy city planning and implementation. Regarding the COVID-19 virus, which remains variable in aerosols for several hours, airborne transmission tends to occur in areas of poor ventilation and high occupant density. Urban residential districts (URDs) are a major element in the formation of cities that are essential for urban planning.
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